Explanation
Some languages formally unite ‘with a person’ and ‘with a tool’, while others distinguish them.
Example
Inga uses -hua(n) in alcalde-huan ‘with the mayor’ and caspi-hua ‘with a stick’; English with and German mit behave similarly.
Counterexample
Together and by means of lexically distinguish the relations.
Distinction
companion and instrument share one form
Effect on thought and perception
Reveals companions and tools as alternative contributors to an event.
Resonance
A small ‘with’ opens a passage between participation and contribution.
Cite this entry
Reich, Michael (Hrsg./ed.): „Comitative-instrumental syncretism“. Atlas der Sprache, AT-145-005. ATLAS 251, data model 1.6.0. https://atlasoflanguage.com/concept/AT-145-005The address remains stable; editorial content may evolve. A verified modification date per entry is not yet available. Include your access date for precise references.